协方差椭球的线性和二次判别分析¶
这个例子画出了由LDA和QDA学习的每个类的协方差椭球面和决策边界。椭圆显示每个类的双标准偏差。对于LDA，所有类的标准偏差是相同的，然而对于QDA， 而每个类都有自己的标准偏差。
print(__doc__)
from scipy import linalg
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
from matplotlib import colors
from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import QuadraticDiscriminantAnalysis
# #############################################################################
# Colormap
cmap = colors.LinearSegmentedColormap(
'red_blue_classes',
{'red': [(0, 1, 1), (1, 0.7, 0.7)],
'green': [(0, 0.7, 0.7), (1, 0.7, 0.7)],
'blue': [(0, 0.7, 0.7), (1, 1, 1)]})
plt.cm.register_cmap(cmap=cmap)
# #############################################################################
# Generate datasets
def dataset_fixed_cov():
'''Generate 2 Gaussians samples with the same covariance matrix'''
n, dim = 300, 2
np.random.seed(0)
C = np.array([[0., -0.23], [0.83, .23]])
X = np.r_[np.dot(np.random.randn(n, dim), C),
np.dot(np.random.randn(n, dim), C) + np.array([1, 1])]
y = np.hstack((np.zeros(n), np.ones(n)))
return X, y
def dataset_cov():
'''Generate 2 Gaussians samples with different covariance matrices'''
n, dim = 300, 2
np.random.seed(0)
C = np.array([[0., -1.], [2.5, .7]]) * 2.
X = np.r_[np.dot(np.random.randn(n, dim), C),
np.dot(np.random.randn(n, dim), C.T) + np.array([1, 4])]
y = np.hstack((np.zeros(n), np.ones(n)))
return X, y
# #############################################################################
# Plot functions
def plot_data(lda, X, y, y_pred, fig_index):
splot = plt.subplot(2, 2, fig_index)
if fig_index == 1:
plt.title('Linear Discriminant Analysis')
plt.ylabel('Data with\n fixed covariance')
elif fig_index == 2:
plt.title('Quadratic Discriminant Analysis')
elif fig_index == 3:
plt.ylabel('Data with\n varying covariances')
tp = (y == y_pred) # True Positive
tp0, tp1 = tp[y == 0], tp[y == 1]
X0, X1 = X[y == 0], X[y == 1]
X0_tp, X0_fp = X0[tp0], X0[~tp0]
X1_tp, X1_fp = X1[tp1], X1[~tp1]
# class 0: dots
plt.scatter(X0_tp[:, 0], X0_tp[:, 1], marker='.', color='red')
plt.scatter(X0_fp[:, 0], X0_fp[:, 1], marker='x',
s=20, color='#990000') # dark red
# class 1: dots
plt.scatter(X1_tp[:, 0], X1_tp[:, 1], marker='.', color='blue')
plt.scatter(X1_fp[:, 0], X1_fp[:, 1], marker='x',
s=20, color='#000099') # dark blue
# class 0 and 1 : areas
nx, ny = 200, 100
x_min, x_max = plt.xlim()
y_min, y_max = plt.ylim()
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(x_min, x_max, nx),
np.linspace(y_min, y_max, ny))
Z = lda.predict_proba(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])
Z = Z[:, 1].reshape(xx.shape)
plt.pcolormesh(xx, yy, Z, cmap='red_blue_classes',
norm=colors.Normalize(0., 1.), zorder=0)
plt.contour(xx, yy, Z, [0.5], linewidths=2., colors='white')
# means
plt.plot(lda.means_[0][0], lda.means_[0][1],
'*', color='yellow', markersize=15, markeredgecolor='grey')
plt.plot(lda.means_[1][0], lda.means_[1][1],
'*', color='yellow', markersize=15, markeredgecolor='grey')
return splot
def plot_ellipse(splot, mean, cov, color):
v, w = linalg.eigh(cov)
u = w[0] / linalg.norm(w[0])
angle = np.arctan(u[1] / u[0])
angle = 180 * angle / np.pi # convert to degrees
# filled Gaussian at 2 standard deviation
ell = mpl.patches.Ellipse(mean, 2 * v[0] ** 0.5, 2 * v[1] ** 0.5,
180 + angle, facecolor=color,
edgecolor='black', linewidth=2)
ell.set_clip_box(splot.bbox)
ell.set_alpha(0.2)
splot.add_artist(ell)
splot.set_xticks(())
splot.set_yticks(())
def plot_lda_cov(lda, splot):
plot_ellipse(splot, lda.means_[0], lda.covariance_, 'red')
plot_ellipse(splot, lda.means_[1], lda.covariance_, 'blue')
def plot_qda_cov(qda, splot):
plot_ellipse(splot, qda.means_[0], qda.covariance_[0], 'red')
plot_ellipse(splot, qda.means_[1], qda.covariance_[1], 'blue')
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8), facecolor='white')
plt.suptitle('Linear Discriminant Analysis vs Quadratic Discriminant Analysis',
y=0.98, fontsize=15)
for i, (X, y) in enumerate([dataset_fixed_cov(), dataset_cov()]):
# Linear Discriminant Analysis
lda = LinearDiscriminantAnalysis(solver="svd", store_covariance=True)
y_pred = lda.fit(X, y).predict(X)
splot = plot_data(lda, X, y, y_pred, fig_index=2 * i + 1)
plot_lda_cov(lda, splot)
plt.axis('tight')
# Quadratic Discriminant Analysis
qda = QuadraticDiscriminantAnalysis(store_covariance=True)
y_pred = qda.fit(X, y).predict(X)
splot = plot_data(qda, X, y, y_pred, fig_index=2 * i + 2)
plot_qda_cov(qda, splot)
plt.axis('tight')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.subplots_adjust(top=0.92)
plt.show()
脚本的总运行时间：(0分0.402秒)